Действительный залог - группа Indefinite (Present, Past, Future) Группа Continuous (Present, Past, Future) Группа Perfect (Present, Past, Future)

Страдательный залог - группа Indefinite (Present, Past, Future) • Особенности перевода на русский язык;

2. 
   Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты ( глаголы can, may, must, should, have to, be to);
   
3. 
   Простые неличные формы глагола Participle I и Participle II в функ­циях определения, обстоятельства и части составного сказуемого;
   
4. 
   Герундий: простые формы;
   
5. 
   Определительные и дополнительные придаточные предложение (со­юзные), придаточные обстоятельственные предложения времени и условия;
   
6. 
   Интернациональные слова
   

1. 
   Полякова Т.Ю. «Английский язык для инженеров». - М.: Высш. шк., 2000
   

1. 
   Разработки кафедры по грамматике
   

2. 
   Учебники и справочники по грамматике английского языка (библиоте­ка НГАВТ)
   

2. 
   Словари
   

Чтение и перевод технического текста по специальности. Составле­ние терминологического словаря. Составление аннотаций и тезисов к тек­сту по предложенному плану.

3. Студенты должны выполнить контрольную работу:
Необходимо выполнить один из пяти вариантов контрольной работы

№2 из данных методических указаний. Контрольную работу необходимо вы­полнять в соответствии с образцами, находящимися в указанном разделе методических указаний, на основе изученного грамматического материала, который приведен в разделе 1. Вариант выбирается по последней цифре шифра студента:

1,2 - вариант №1 5,6 - вариант №3 9,0 - вариант №5

3,4 - вариант №2 7,8 - вариант №4

Контрольную работу следует выполнять в отдельной тетради. На об­ложке тетради необходимо указать свою фамилию, номер контрольной ра­боты и вариант. Контрольная работа должна выполняться аккуратным, чет­ким почерком. При выполнении контрольной работы оставляйте в тетради широкие поля для замечаний, объяснений и методических указаний рецен­зента. Задания должны быть представлены в той же последовательности, в которой они даны в контрольной работе, в развернутом виде с указанием номера варианта ответа. После проверки контрольной работы её следует защитить устно. При устной защите студент должен ответить на вопросы преподавателя по материалу контрольной работы.

4. Отчетность и сроки выполнения

Результаты выполнения контрольной работы (КР) представляются в виде, указанном в пункте 3 на втором или третьем занятии.

♦ Аудиторные занятия, аттестация. К аудиторным занятиям допуска­ются студенты, выполнившие домашнее задание в межсессионный период. Параллельно с прохождением аудиторных занятий студент корректирует ошибки КР, защищает КР.

На аудиторных занятиях прорабатываются разговорные темы: «Моя специальность», «Дизельные двигатели» и «Турбины». На экзамен выносят­ся две темы: «Дизельные двигатели» и «Турбины». Студенты должны уметь вести беседу с преподавателем по вышеуказанным темам.

По окончании занятий на 2 курсе - сдача экзамена.

Структура и содержание экзамена за второй курс

Допуск к экзамену

Чтение и перевод подготовленных текстов, устно - с выписанны­ми словами; составление аннотаций к данным текстам; Устная защита контрольной работы №2.; Беседа по изученным темам («Моя семья», «Моя академия», «Дизельные двигатели» и «Турбины»).

Письменный перевод текста по специальности со словарем (800 печатных знаков - 40 минут);

Ознакомительное чтение ( 1000 печатных знаков - 15 минут); Беседа с преподавателем (ответы на вопросы) по одной из прой­денных тем.


4

5

ЧАСТЬ 2. КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ

Контрольное задание №2

Для выполнения контрольного задания 2 необходимо изучить следую­щие разделы из курса грамматики английского языка:

1. 
   Видовременные формы глагола активного и пассивного залога: фор­мы Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect (Present, Past, Future) .Особенности перево­да пассивных конструкций на русский язык.
   
2. 
   Модальные глаголы (can, may, must) и их эквиваленты (to be to, to have to).
   
3. 
   Неличные формы глагола: Participle I, Participle II в функциях опре­деления и обстоятельства.
   
4. 
   Определительные и дополнительные придаточные предложения.
   
5. 
   Интернациональные слова.
   

1. 
   Last winter our ship sailed in the Black Sea. sailed - Past Indefinite Passive от глагола to sail Прошлой зимой наше судно плавало в Черном море.
   
2. 
   The cargo has just been stowed.
   

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из

1. 
   They have ordered two new container ships for our Shipping Company.
   
2. 
   The engineers are overhauling the main engine now.
   
3. 
   Because of the severe storm the ship's propeller was seriously damaged.
   
4. 
   More and more larger merchant vessels are being powered by medium-speed diesel engines.
   

1. 
   You must be very careful while working with machines and motors.
   
2. 
   Some chief engineers have a Certificate of approval enabling them to carry out continuous machinery survey on its behalf.
   
3. 
   The system of planned maintenance includes both survey and intermediate overhaul of all items.
   
4. 
   Metals having relatively high strength and withstanding high temperatures are used for turbine blades.
   

1. 
   The area must be cleaned and washed to remove all salt, dirt and oil.
   
2. 
   The equipment is to be delivered within 12 months.
   
3. 
   Pollution can also come from engine-room bilges of all ships (not only tankers), since bilge water is always contaminated by oil.
   
4. 
   These tools may be very helpful for you.
   

The principal function of the cooling system is to dispose of the heat transferred from the burning fuel to the metal adjacent to the combustion chamber. It is usually extended and put to uses, such as cooling the scavenging air, lubricating oil, etc. All of these points of application may be included into a single system and sea water and fresh water used as the cooling medium. The most often used cooling system is an enclosed fresh water system. In this case sea water is used for cooling

fresh water, oil, scavenging air. The water that enters the bottom of each cylinder jacket flows upward, passes into the cylinder head, then through the exhaust valve cage and into a pipe leading to the exhaust manifold jacket and then to the thermostat. The latter delivers part of the water to the cooler and the rest of it to the circulating pump to be recirculated.

In some installations cooling of the piston is done with fresh water, sea water, being used only in the coolers, through which the fresh water and oil are passed after leaving the engine.

The all salt-water method is the simplest arrangement because of the necessity for fewer pumps and the elimination of water coolers and storage tanks, but the use of fresh water reduces the trouble due to scale, sediment and corrosion. Cooling the pistons with oil eliminates troubles due to leakage of water into lubricating oil.

Vocabulary

1. 
   cooling system - система охлаждения
   
2. 
   burning fuel - горящее топливо
   
3. 
   combustion chamber - камера сгорания
   
4. 
   exhaust manifold - выхлопной коллектор
   
5. 
   cooling medium - охлаждающая среда
   
6. 
   cylinder jacket- рубашка цилиндра
   
7. 
   cage - корпус
   
8. 
   jacket system - система зарубашечного пространства
   
9. 
   the rest - остальная часть
   
10. 
    storage - отстойный
    
11. 
    to reduce - уменьшать
    
12. 
    fresh water - пресная вода
    

9

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из

1. 
   The ship is provided with oil residue tanks with the total capacity of 10 cu.m.
   
2. 
   We have repaired three Russian vessels so far, two from the North Shipping Company and a research vessel belonging to the Academy of Sciences.
   
3. 
   We were repairing the engine the whole morning and could not leave the port in time.
   
4. 
   All fuel oil pumps were carefully inspected before bunkering.
   

1. 
   The ordered supplies will be delivered tomorrow.
   
2. 
   When spare parts received, please inform us.
   
3. 
   According to the ship's specifications, the working pressure of the boiler should be 10 kg / sq. cm.
   
4. 
   All ships should be equipped with technical facilities that make impossible to discharge water containing oil or oil products into the sea.
   

1. 
   Routine cleaning and overhaul may be carried out at sea.
   
2. 
   The Chief Engineer can decide which item can run longer than planned.
   
3. 
   Discharge valves are to be shut and sealed.
   
4. 
   Pistons should also be examined for cracks.
   

The fuel piping system comprises the fuel supply lines, high-pressure fuel lines and fuel heating pipes, if heavy fuel is used. Fuel supply lines include the supply lines from the fuel transfer pumps and preheating arrangement to the fuel filters and fuel pumps on the engine supply also the fuel supply lines to the installation. High-pressure fuel lines connect the fuel pumps with the fuel valves and are under very high intermittent pressure.

Fuel system fittings are: fuel transfer pump, fuel filter, fuel pressure -maintenance valve, fuel shut-off valve, fuel non-return valve.

The fuel transfer pump is driven separately by an electric motor. The fuel filter contains several filter elements which can be switched over during operation and is designed for steam heating.

The fuel pressure-retaining valve is designed for adjustable back pressure. The pressure adjusted should be so high that there is no formation of vapour on the suction side of the pumps. The fuel shut-off valve opens during operations and is provided with a double cone seat to prevent leakage, so that the main pipe can be isolated for dismantling the fuel pumps or preheating.

The non-return valve is situated between the fuel pumps and the overflow line with single-controlled fuel pumps. During operation the surplus fuel delivered by the fuel transfer pumps runs off into the overflow line. When dismantling a fuel pump, the letter is isolated from the overflow line by the non-return valve.

Each cylinder possesses its own fuel pump, which discharges a definite quantity of fuel through the discharge line to the fuel valve at the correct moments and under high pressure, the fuel is then sprayed into the combustion chamber.

Vocabulary

1. 
   fuel piping system - трубопровод топливной системы
   
2. 
   fuel heating pipes - трубопровод подогрева топлива
   
3. 
   intermittent pressure - пульсирующее давление
   
4. 
   pressure-maintenance (remaining) valve - клапан постоянного давления
   
5. 
   shut-off valve - отсечной клапан
   
6. 
   non-return valve - невозвратный клапан
   
7. 
   to adjust - регулировать
   
8. 
   disharge line - трубопровод подачи
   
9. 
   double cone seat - двухконусное седло
   
10. 
    overflow line - трубопровод перелива
    
11. 
    dismantling - демонтаж
    
12. 
    single-controlled - насос основной
    

11

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из

l)Two sailors of our crew have been hospitalized in a foreign port.

2. 
   Mr. Wilson and the Chief Engineer are discussing the repair of the camshaft.
   
3. 
   The liners were badly damaged through erosion on the cooling water side.
   
4. 
   The controllable pitch propeller ( CPP ) was damaged when we were fishing in the Labrador area.
   

1. 
   With oil circulating in the system again check the oil level in the reservoir.
   
2. 
   The power generated by the turbine depends on the mass of air passing through.
   

3. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них

1. 
   Pump and auxiliary machinery overhauls can be carried out in ports.
   

1. 
   At intervals of six weeks the fuel valves should be taken out and carefully inspected.
   

2. 
   We may include this item in our additional list of repairs.
   
3. 
   The engine must be inspected for defects.
   

The problem involved in lubrication is the maintenance of a film of lubricant between any two surfaces that have relative motion, so that the surfaces do not come in contact with each other. In the diesel engine there are two general types of surfaces - those inside the cylinders and those in the bearings.

The only lubricant is mineral oil. The oil used for lubrication of the cylinders must be applied in small quantities, but the oil used for bearing lubrication can be applied in any quantity and used repeatedly.

Cylinder lubrication has two purposes - to maintain the required film to separate the liner surface and the faces of the piston rings as they slide up and down, and act as a seal to prevent gases blowing past the rings.

The things must be done despite the high temperature of combustion.

The customary method of applying oil to the cylinder walls is by means of small pumps, assembled in units, known as mechanical lubrication, with common suction reservoir and a discharge pipe from each pump leading to a connection in the side of the cylinder, through which the oil passes into a hole in the liner. After passing into the cylinder the oil is spread over the surface of the liner by the piston rings as they slide along the liner. Bearing lubrication is effected by means of a circulatory system through which a large amount of oil under pressure is forced through the bearings. In general, the system is made up of a sump or reservoir, from which a circulating pump draws the oil and discharges it through the coolers and filters to a manifold which has a branch to each main bearing.

1. 
   film - пленка
   
2. 
   lubrication - смазка
   
3. 
   lubricant - смазочное вещество
   
4. 
   bearing - подшипник
   
5. 
   branch - отвод, патрубок
   
6. 
   to maintaine - поддерживать, сохранять, обслуживать
   
7. 
   line - втулка, прокладка цилиндра
   
8. 
   quantity- количество
   
9. 
   circulating pump - циркулярный насос
   
10. 
    surface - поверхность
    
11. 
    combustion - горение
    
12. 
    manifold - коллектор
    

13

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое, определите его видовременную форму и залог.

1. 
   The ship is equipped in accordance with the provisions of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships.
   
2. 
   For generating steam for main engine fire-tube boilers have been replaced by water-tube boilers.
   
3. 
   The company has refused to make repairs to the damaged boiler on the m/v "Maria Ulyanova".
   
4. 
   The storm began when the ship was approaching the port.
   

1. 
   The ship built in a foreign port is usually repaired at the same yard.
   
2. 
   The condensing turbines exhaust their steam to a condenser.
   
3. 
   The auxiliary pump is used when the turbine is started.
   
4. 
   When received, pistons are carefully checked and measured against their original dimensions.
   

1. 
   This loss, however, can be minimized by careful design.
   
2. 
   The hose is to be connected and disconnected by the shore attendant.
   
3. 
   Hard particles may also be produced by corrosion.
   
4. 
   Cylinder liners must be examined externally for deposits of scale.
   

Supercharging, or pressure charging, is a means of increasing the power output of a given engine. It is the process of filling the engine cylinder with air before the compression stroke starts. The pressure of this air is above atmospheric in order to get a greater weight of air into the cylinder. If to start with a higher pressure, the final compression pressure will be higher. This means that if the engine is supercharged, the volume of the compression space must be enlarged if the compression pressure, will be higher. This means that if the engine is

supercharged, the volume of the compression space must be enlarged if the compression pressure is to be kept the same.

Having a greater weight of air in the cylinder more fuel is burnt. Although more oil is burnt there is more air present and the ratio of oil to air is the same as without supercharging.

Exhaust occurs at a higher pressure, but the temperature of the exhaust is lower than with ordinary operation. The inlet valve opens before the exhaust valve closes and the inlet air being higher in pressure than the exhaust gases at the time the inlet valve opens. The air is blown through the compression space, scavenging out the gases and cooling them, the piston and cylinder walls. This action completely fills the cylinder space with fresh air and the net increase in power developed in the engine may be as much as 50 %.

In modern Diesel engines exhaust gas turbocharging is widely used. The exhaust-driven turbochargers operate on the pulse system or on the constant-pressure principle, and are independent of the crankshaft. Their speed changes with the load on the engine. The air compressed by the turbochargers flows into the scavenging-air receiver and through non-return valve into the chambers below each cylinder. Here it is further compressed by the pistons on their downward stoke before flowing into the combustion space when the pistons uncover the scavenge ports.

When the turbocharger is out of action, the ship can run at 75% of her normal speed.

Vocabulary

1. 
   supercharging - наддув
   
2. 
   weight-вес
   
3. 
   pulse system - импульсная система
   
4. 
   net increase - чистое увеличение
   
5. 
   gas turbocharging - газотурбонаддув
   
6. 
   downward - вниз
   
7. 
   turbocharger - турбокомпрессор
   
8. 
   inlet valve - выпускной клапан
   
9. 
   exhaust valve - выхлопной клапан
   
10. 
    to occur - происходить
    
11. 
    scavenging-air receiver - ресивер продувочного воздуха
    

15

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое, определите его видовременную форму и залог.

1. 
   The Chief Mate is showing the life-boats to the inspector now.
   
2. 
   The ice-breaker has already conducted the cargo ship" Gotland" to the port.
   
3. 
   A lot of oil has been spilled near the coast.
   
4. 
   When pistons are received by us they are carefully checked and measured against their original dimensions.
   

1. 
   The Convention MARPOL 73/78 was primarily aimed at pollution resulting from routine tanker operation.
   
2. 
   MARPOL 73/78 requires unscheduled inspection or mandatory annual surveys of ships.
   
3. 
   The lubricant employed should be of good quality.
   
4. 
   A centrifugal pump on the turbine shaft is often used to supply oil.
   

1. 
   Water contamination of lubricating oil on board a ship can seriously damage engine bearings and cause engine failure.
   
2. 
   The equipment is to be delivered within 12 months.
   
3. 
   All carbon deposits should be removed from cylinder ports.
   
4. 
   In turbine design the amount of condenser vacuum must be given due attention.
   

In the four-stroke naturally aspirated engine, the air for combustion is drawn in from atmosphere the suction stroke. In the turbocharged engine, the air is supplied pre-compressed and, in some cases, cooled. A greater weight of air for combustion is thus available in the cylinder and due to the valve overlap the cylinder is scavenged of the exhaust gases. The effect of turbocharging is:

1. 
   to increase the weight of air available for combustion,
   
2. 
   to scavenge the residual gases,
   
3. 
   to cool all parts in the combustion chamber.
   

The turbocharger comprises a single stage axial flow exhaust gas driven turbine, driving a centrifugal air compressor which draws air from the atmosphere and delivers it under pressure to the air inlet manifold, then through the air inlet valves to the cylinders the gas turbine wheel and air impeller are mounted on a common rotor shaft carried in bearings mounted at each end of the shaft.

The impulse energy of the gases from the various cylinders is used to drive the turbocharger and there is no loss of engine power. To ensure efficient scavenging it is necessary to have a large overlap of the air and exhaust valves. With this overlap on multi-cylinder engines it is essential to avoid interference in the exhaust pipes between the exhaust impulses from successive cylinders, as this would interfere with efficient scavenging. To eliminate this, two, three or four exhaust pipes are used depending on the number of cylinders.

Vocabulary

1. 
   naturally aspirated engine - обычный двигатель, без наддува
   
2. 
   residual exhaust gas - остаточный выхлопной газ
   
3. 
   throttling - дросселирование
   
4. 
   valve overlap - перекрытие клапанов
   
5. 
   exhaust gas driven turbine - турбина, приводимая в движение выхлоп­ными газами
   
6. 
   multi-cylinder engine - многоцилиндровый двигатель
   
7. 
   to avoid interference - избегать помехи
   
8. 
   wheel - рабочее колесо, диск
   
9. 
   weight - вес, объем
   
10. 
    turbocharger - турбокомпрессор
    
11. 
    to scavenge - продувать
    
12. 
    loss-потеря
    

17

1. My Speciality

I

The principal aim of the shipmechanical faculty is to train certificated specialists in the following fields:

1. 
   shipbuilding,
   
2. 
   ship power plants,
   
3. 
   maintenance of ship power plants,
   
4. 
   technical maintenance of ship and ship equipment,
   
5. 
   environment engineering protection.
   

The educational course begins with mastering mathematics, physics, chemistry, drawing, descriptive geometry. Students also have humanitarian sciences: history of Russia, philosophy, political history, foreign languages, etc. The graduates of the faculty get the speciality of a mechanical engineer.

II

Junior students study both technical and social sciences. Senior students study special subjects such as details of machines, theory of machines and mechanism, ship internal combustion engines and others.

III

IV

The faculty comprises several chairs: such as ship internal combustion engines chair, shipbuilding chair, shiprepairing chair, technology of metals chair and others.

According to the 5-year program the faculty gives fundamental knowledge combined with practical skills.

1. 
   aim-цель
   
2. 
   shipmechanical faculty - судомеханический факультет
   
3. 
   to provide with - обеспечить
   
4. 
   to solve - решать
   
5. 
   field - область, отрасль
   
6. 
   to master - овладевать
   
7. 
   to combine - сочетать
   
8. 
   industrial training - производственная практика
   
9. 
   special attention - особое внимание
   
10. 
    to devote (to) - уделять
    
11. 
    fuel system - топливная система
    
12. 
    cooling system - система охлаждения
    
13. 
    lubricating system - система смазки
    
14. 
    engine arrangement - устройство двигателя
    
15. 
    ship-board training - плавательская практика
    
16. 
    to last-длиться
    
17. 
    to keep watch - стоять на вахте
    
18. 
    to repair - ремонтировать
    
19. 
    damage - повреждение
    
20. 
    undergraduate -студент последнего курса
    
21. 
    graduation paper - диплом
    
22. 
    to comprise - включать в себя
    
23. 
    workshop - мастерская
    
24. 
    at one's disposal - в чём-либо распоряжении
    
25. 
    auxiliary mechanism - вспомогательный механизм
    
26. 
    to obtain - получать
    
27. 
    skills - мастерство, навыки
    
28. 
    enterprise - предприятие
    
29. 
    to appreciate - высоко ценить
    
30. 
    experience - опыт
    

19

1. 
   What Academy do you study at?
   
2. 
   What's the name of your faculty?
   
3. 
   What's the aim of teaching at the faculty?
   
4. 
   What subjects do junior and senior students study?
   
5. 
   What specialities do the graduates from the shipmechanical faculty get?
   
6. 
   What special subjects are the students taught?
   
7. 
   Why is special attention devoted to studying cooling, fuel, lubricating systems?
   
8. 
   What kind of training do the students of the faculty have?
   
9. 
   How long does a ship-board training last?
   
10. 
    What do the students do during this training?
    
11. 
    What chairs does your faculty comprise?
    

In two-stroke diesels compression occurs during the first stroke, combustion and expansion occur during the second stroke; exhaust, scavenging and recharging with air occur at the end of the second stroke and at the beginning of the first stroke.

The working cycle of a four-stroke diesel requires four separate strokes of the engine piston to complete the operation. These four strokes are called suction, compression, combustion-expansion and exhaust, but only the third stroke provides the power to drive the ship while the other three require power from the remaining cylinders to perform their various duties. So, what happens during these four cycles?

First stroke: suction

Inlet valve is open, exhaust valve is closed. Air is drawn into the cylinder.

Both valves are closed. Piston compresses the air to high temperature.

Fuel injected burns. Temperature and pressure of combustion gases increase. Gas pressure forces the piston down (valves are closed). As the volume available for the gases increases, their pressure and temperature decrease. Piston displacement is used to produce power.

Exhaust valve is open; inlet valve is closed. Burnt gases are forced out of the engine.

The Diesel Engine is made up of stationary and moving parts.

Stationary parts

These are principally: bedplate, cylinders, cylinder covers and cylinder liners.

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There are two kinds of turbines: steam turbines and gas turbines.

The steam turbine consists of two principal elements: 1) nozzles, a device for converting some of the thermal energy of the steam into kinetic energy, and 2) moving blades, an arrangement for converting the kinetic energy of the steam into shaftwork.

Steam turbines may be classified as impulse turbines and reaction turbines.

In the impulse turbine the steam expands only through stationary nozzles, dropping in pressure and increasing in velocity. The steam then impinges against the moving blades causing rotation and mechanical work.

In the reaction turbine the stationary nozzles have the same appearance as the moving blades. The steam drops in pressure and at the same time expands while passing through both the stationary nozzles and the moving blades.

Turbines are classed also as: 1) high, 2) intermediate and 3) low pressure.

There may be single-cylinder and compound turbines. Single-cylinder indicates that the unit consists of one turbine contained in one casing. A compound unit consists of two or more individual turbines.

Compound turbines are further classified as: 1) tandem-compound, and 2) cross-compound. In the tandem- compound unit all the individual turbines are mounted upon a common shaft. In the cross- compound unit each turbine has a separate shaft. According to the direction of steam flow the turbines are axial-flow and radial-flow. They may be condensing and non-condensing as well. The

condensing turbine exhaust their steam to a condenser which maintains back pressure, while the non-condensing unit usually exhaust its steam to another device where it is used for heating.

work.